A lay investiture was a practice in medieval Europe where secular rulers, such as kings or nobles, appointed church officials, such as bishops or abbots. This practice gave secular rulers significant influence over the church and its affairs, leading to conflicts between secular and religious authorities. Lay investiture was a major point of contention during the Investiture Controversy in the 11th and 12th centuries, as the church sought to assert its independence from secular control. Ultimately, the issue was resolved with the Concordat of Worms in 1122, which established a compromise where the church had the authority to appoint bishops and abbots, but the emperor or king had the right to invest them with their secular powers. **

The Investiture Controversy was a power struggle between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor in the 11th and 12th centuries. It revolved around the question of who had the authority to appoint bishops and other church officials - the Pope or the Emperor. The conflict highlighted the tension between secular and religious authority and ultimately led to a compromise known as the Concordat of Worms in 1122, which established the Pope's right to appoint bishops and abbots, while allowing the Emperor to have some influence in the process. **

Personal authority refers to the influence and power an individual has based on their personal qualities, such as charisma, expertise, or leadership skills. Professional authority is derived from an individual's expertise, qualifications, and experience in a specific field or profession, giving them credibility and influence in that area. Official authority, on the other hand, is granted by an organization or institution, such as a government or company, and is typically associated with a specific role or position of power, such as a manager or a government official. While personal and professional authority are based on individual qualities and expertise, official authority is tied to a specific position or title within an organization. **

In history, the term investiture refers to the formal installation or appointment of a person to a position of power or authority, often by a higher-ranking individual or institution. This term is commonly associated with the medieval practice of investiture, in which secular rulers or nobles would appoint bishops and other church officials, leading to conflicts between the church and state over the control of ecclesiastical appointments. Investiture also has broader applications in the context of feudalism, where it could refer to the granting of land or other resources to vassals in exchange for their loyalty and service. **

The Investiture Controversy was a power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Emperor in the 11th and 12th centuries. It revolved around the appointment of bishops and abbots, with both the pope and the emperor claiming the right to invest these church officials with their symbols of office. The conflict highlighted the struggle for supremacy between the secular and religious authorities, with the papacy ultimately asserting its authority over the appointment of church officials. The Investiture Controversy had significant political and religious implications, shaping the relationship between the church and the state in medieval Europe. **

The Investiture Controversy had several significant consequences. It led to a power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Emperor, weakening the authority of the emperor and strengthening the authority of the papacy. It also resulted in a greater separation of church and state, as the controversy highlighted the need for clear distinctions between the roles of secular and religious leaders. Additionally, the Investiture Controversy contributed to the overall decline in the power and influence of the Holy Roman Empire, as it weakened the central authority of the emperor and led to increased regional autonomy. **

One can watch old TV shows online by subscribing to streaming services like Netflix, Hulu, or Amazon Prime Video, which often have a library of older TV shows available for streaming. Another option is to check if the specific TV show is available for purchase or rental on platforms like iTunes, Google Play, or Vudu. Additionally, some TV networks have their own websites or apps where they offer a selection of old TV shows for free with ads. **

Many actors do watch their own TV shows and movies, as it allows them to reflect on their performance and learn from their work. Some actors may find it difficult to watch themselves on screen, while others may enjoy seeing the final product. Ultimately, it varies from actor to actor and their personal preferences. **